1. Imports in Fob Delivery Terms

   Dr. Aylin Kolbaşı

   Turkish Statistical Institute, Devlet Mah. Necatibey cad. No:114,Ankara,Türkiye.
   

   Abstract: Foreign trade data and indicators are important resources for many economic analysis. In particular, the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye uses these data for the calculation of balance of payments. Export data published by TurkStat are calculated according to free on board (FOB delivery terms) and the import data are calculated according to the cost of goods, insurance and freight (CIF delivery terms). In the balance of payments account calculated by the Central Bank, export and import is used by FOB delivery terms. Therefore, imports data should be calculated according to FOB delivery terms at the same time. For this purpose, freight and insurance values should be calculated and therefore insurance and freight rates should be determined. In this study, various analyzes were performed to determine the freight and insurance ratios. First, the variables thought to have an effect on freight and insurance rates were determined, and whether this effect was statistically significant was tested with ANOVA method. The data set was grouped taking into account the variables affecting freight and insurance rates and freight and insurance ratios were calculated for each group. Before the calculation, outliers were determined for each group. Adjusted Box-Plot and median z-score methods were used for detect outliers. After determining the outliers, freight and insurance ratios were estimated using an arithmetic mean. Imports, freight and insurance values were calculated by using these ratios and compared with the values calculated by Central Bank calculated.

   Keywords: Outlier, foreign trade, outlier detection, outlier detection methods, FOB.

   Pages: 1 – 19 | Full PDF Paper

2. Discussions on Evaluation of Material Balance in Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography by Orthogonal Collocation Finite Elements Method

   Takaki Ohkubo

   Professor emeritus, Department of civil and environmental engineering, Hakodate national college of technology（〒042-8501,14-1 Tokura Hakodate Hokkaido Japan）e-mail:ohkubo@hakodate-ct.ac.jp
   

   Abstract: This paper discusses on evaluation of material balance in simulated moving bed chromatography by using the advantage of orthogonal collocation finite elements method (OCFEM) in terms of accuracy of numerical calculation. The tool of OCFEM is differential operator represented by matrix in time and space to make it easy to translate PDEs to algebraic equations, which have high precision numerical calculation ability by high order collocation number. This study presents the dimensionless average concentration profile through the total column, and calculates the yields and purity at raffinate and extract. In conclusion, this discussion showed that the total yield at raffinate and extract is equal to 100% and the mass balance in total columns for each duration of cyclic steady condition is zero.

   Keywords: Simulated Moving Bed, Chromatography, Orthogonal Collocation Finite Elements Method, differential operator, time and space, high precision, mass balance, yield at raffinate and extract.

   Pages: 20 – 36 | Full PDF Paper

3. Basic Concept and Application of Differential Operator in Time and Space by Orthogonal Collocation Finite Elements Method

   Takaki Ohkubo

   Professor emeritus, Department of civil and environmental engineering, Hakodate national college of technology（〒042-8501,14-1 Tokura Hakodate Hokkaido Japan）e-mail:ohkubo@hakodate-ct.ac.jp
   

   Abstract: The aim of this paper is to spread the basic concept and the application of orthogonal collocation finite elements method (OCFEM) to the field of engineering and science. OCFEM is based on Weierstraß’s polynomial approximation theorem. In the formulation of PDE as strong form by OCFEM, the differential operator represented by matrix in time and space is used for the translation of PDE to algebraic equation. This paper explains the concept of matrix representation method of the differential operator in time and space, the coordinate transformation matrix based on the partial derivative of composite function and integration of element (for example, Consumption rate) or element boundary (for example, Flux) by using Gauss Legendre integration. On the other hand, this paper presents the formulation of advection-diffusion-reaction equation (PDE) as initial boundary value problem, which is Biofilm model, by differential operator of OCFEM.

   Keywords: Orthogonal Collocation Finite Elements Method, Differential Operator, Time and Space, Coordinate Transformation Matrix, Biofilm Model, Advective Diffusive Equation, PDE, Initial Boundary Value Problem.

   Pages: 37 – 69 | Full PDF Paper